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SAGA PUBLICATIONS Included here are Working Papers and Conference Papers. Publications on this page are organized by author: RETURN TO MAIN AUTHORS PAGE Naidoo, Pranushka Measuring Recent Changes in South African Inequality and Poverty Using 1996 and 2001 Census Data October 2005 Leibbrandt, Murray, Laura Poswell, Pranushka Naidoo, Matthew Welch and Ingrid Woolard The paper analyses poverty and inequality changes in South Africa for the period 1996 to 2001 using Census data. To gain a broader picture of wellbeing in South Africa, both income-based and access-based measurement approaches are employed. At the national level, findings from the income-based approach show that inequality has unambiguously increased from 1996 to 2001. As regards population group inequality, within-group inequality has increased; while between-group inequality has decreased (inequality has also increased in each province and across the rural/urban divide). The poverty analysis reveals that poverty has worsened in the nation, particularly for Africans. Provincially, the Eastern Cape and Limpopo have the highest poverty rates while the Western Cape and Gauteng have the lowest poverty rates. Poverty differs across the urban-rural divide with rural areas being relatively worse off than urban areas. However, due to the large extent of rural-urban migration, the proportion of the poor in rural areas is declining. The access-based approach focuses on type of dwelling, access to water, energy for lighting, energy for cooking, sanitation and refuse removal. The data reveal significant improvements in these access measures between 1996 and 2001. The proportion of households occupying traditional dwellings has decreased while the proportion of households occupying formal dwellings has risen slightly (approximately two-thirds of households occupy formal dwellings). Access to basic services has improved, especially with regard to access to electricity for lighting and access to telephones. On a provincial level, Limpopo and the Eastern Cape display the poorest performance in terms of access to basic services. The paper concludes by contrasting the measured changes in well being that emerge from the income and access approaches. While income measures show worsening well being via increases in income poverty and inequality, access measures show that well being in South Africa has improved in a number of important dimensions. In Poverty and Policy in Post Apartheid South Africa, edited by Haroon Bhorat and Ravi Kanbur. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press, 2006. Nambiro, Elizabeth Decentralization and Access to Agricultural Extension Services in Kenya October 2005 Nambiro, Elizabeth, John Omiti, and Lawrence Mugunieri The form and content of decentralization has dominated development discourse and public sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last two decades. The case of agricultural extension service presents decentralization in a difficult context partly due to lack of information on its possible diverse impacts especially on resource poor farmers. This paper explores the effect of decentralization of agricultural extension on access, accountability and empowerment, and efficiency of delivering services to farmers. Secondary data, participatory research methods and primary data from a random sample of 250 farmers were used. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate analysis and logistic regression. The results show that there is improved access to extension services with increasing level of decentralization. Farmers from areas with higher decentralized extension also showed enhanced level of awareness of different channels for delivery of extension services. This improved knowledge, being an important component of empowerment of the farming community, resulted from the increase of service providers, who displayed synergy in their multiple methods of operation. Public delivery channels were the most affordable and were also ranked first for quality. Income, literacy levels, distance from towns and access to telephone significantly influenced access to extension services. Gender of the household-head was a key determinant for seeking out extension services in areas with high concentration of agricultural activities. For a pluralistic system to work, there is need to for better co-ordination between the various groups. Although there is evidence of partnership and synergy between service providers, there appeared to be little effective co-ordination of the groups involved. The government, and other stakeholders should work towards developing a strong institutional framework that will guide and enhance this mutually beneficial partnership. Martha A. Nathan Is Settling Good for Pastoralists? The Effects of Pastoral Sedentarization on Children’s Nutrition, Growth, and Health Among Rendille and Ariaal of Marsabit District, Northern Kenya June 2006 Fratkin, Elliot, Martha A. Nathan, and Eric A. Roth The settling of formerly mobile pastoral populations is occurring rapidly throughout East Africa. Pastoral sedentarization has been encouraged by international development agencies and national governments to alleviate problems of food insecurity, health care delivery, and national integration. However, it has not been demonstrated that abandoning the pastoral way of life, and particularly access to livestock products, has been beneficial to the health and well-being of pastoral populations. This paper reports the results of a three-year study of pastoral and settled Rendille and Ariaal (mixed Samburu/Rendille) communities in Marsabit District northern Kenya, which compares levels of child malnutrition and illness between five different Rendille communities, ranging from purely pastoral to agricultural and urban communities. Analysis of bimonthly dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements, morbidity data, and economic differentiation and specialization among 202 mothers and their 488 children under age 9 reveals large differences in the growth patterns and morbidity of nomadic vs. settled children. In particular, age-specific height and weight measurements for the nomadic pastoral community are significantly higher than same-aged measurements of children from the sedentary villages. Furthermore, women and especially pregnant women showed higher levels of malnutrition in the settled communities. Both women and children showed higher rates of respiratory and diarrheal morbidity in settled versus nomadic communities, although malaria rates were uniformly higher in lowland communities than in the highlands. Differences in child growth are attributed mainly to better nutrition, and particularly access to camel’s milk within the nomadic communities. The striking decrease in diarrheal and respiratory diseases for the nomadic children vs. settled children coupled with the findings of a relative decrease in malnutrition and stunting indicate an unexpected edge for health and growth of nomadic Rendille children. The policy implications of our findings are significant. Although pastoralism is not an option for everyone living in dry regions like northern Kenya, the decrease in diarrheal and respiratory illness and for pastoralist children, and the higher levels of stunting in settled children from pastoral populations, should be part of decisions affecting social, economic, and health policy for pastoral regions. Presented at the Policy Research Conference on “Pastoralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa,” held in Nairobi, Kenya, June 27-28, 2006. Ndeng’e, Godfrey K. Poverty Mapping: The Case of Kenya March 2004 Anthony K.M. Kilele and Godfrey K. Ndeng’e Kenya like many other developing countries is currently refocusing its development policies towards poverty reduction. The emphasis on poverty reduction is primarily a response to the fact that, despite many efforts to improve the well being of the poor in the past, the majority of the people still live in poverty. Hence, finding ways to reduce poverty and inequality in Kenya is a huge challenge facing both local and national policy decision makers. Poverty is a multi-faceted problem and its levels tend to vary considerably over space. Thus, providing information on the spatial heterogeneity of poverty can greatly assist anyone trying to tackle the challenge of identifying who the poor are? Where they live? And what causes their poverty? Presented at the KIPPRA-Cornell-SAGA Workshop on "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for Poverty Analysis," March 11, 2004, Nairobi, Kenya Negatu, Workneh ‘Moving in Place’: Drought and Poverty Dynamics in South Wollo, Ethiopia February 2006 Little, Peter D., Priscilla Stone, Tewodaj Mogues, Peter Castro, and Workneh Negatu This article discusses the impact of drought on poverty dynamics in the South Wollo area of northeastern Ethiopia. Using both survey and anthropological/qualitative data covering a six-year period, the paper assesses which households were able to hold on to assets and recover from the 1999-2000 drought and which were not. It suggests that while the incidence of poverty changed very little during 1997 to 2003 despite the occurrence of a major drought, the fortunes of the poorest improved, but not enough to keep them from poverty. The study concludes by asking how current policies affect patterns of poverty and inequality and what might be done to improve welfare in South Wollo. In Journal of Development Studies 42(2):200-225, 2006 In Understanding and Reducing Persistent Poverty in Africa, Christopher Barrett, Peter Little, Michael Carter (eds.), Routledge, 2007. Ngaruko, Floribert Why Has Burundi Grown So Slowly? The Political Economy of Redistribution June 2005 Janvier D. Nkurunziza and Floribert Ngaruko This study analyses Burundi’s economic performance over the period 1960-2000 and finds that it has been catastrophic. The usual economic factors determining growth are endogenous to political objectives, suggesting that politics explains the dismal performance. This finding limits the relevance of textbook models of growth relying on the assumption of a competitive resource allocation environment. When cronies rather than qualified managers are running the economy, when priority is given to investment projects in function of their location rather than the objective needs of the economy, economic models lose their explanatory power. Economic performance has been shaped by the occurrence of violent conflicts caused by factions fighting for the control of the state and its rents. The capture of rents by a small group has become the overarching objective of the governments that have ruled the country since the mid-1960s. In this regard, economic performance will not improve unless the political system is modernised from a dictatorial regime playing a zero-sum game to a more democratic and accountable regime. It would be naïve to advocate economic reforms as a way of boosting the country’s economy if they are not preceded or at least accompanied by political reforms. One central message of this study is that Burundi’s growth failure is the result of specific identifiable factors evolving around governance. There is nothing fundamentally wrong with Burundi: Development failure may be reversed if the problems identified in this study are properly addressed. Presented at the International Conference on "Shared Growth in Africa," July 21-22, 2005, Accra, Ghana Niang, Birahim Bouna Les dépenses publiques d’éducation sont elles pro pauvres? Analyse et Application au cas du Sénégal November 2005 Niang, Birahim Bouna La lutte contre la pauvreté constitue aujourd’hui une des principales priorités des pouvoirs publics des pays d’Afrique au Sud du Sahara et des partenaires au développement qui apportent leur soutien à cette région du monde. Le Sénégal n’est pas une exception à cette règle. La volonté de faire reculer la pauvreté apparaît àtravers la structure des dépenses publiques qui est caractérisée par un arbitrage en faveur des secteurs sociaux notamment l’éducation. En effet, les dépenses d’éducation représentent le premier poste du budget de l’Etat alors que les dépenses sociales représentent près du tiers des dépenses totales... Paper prepared for the Regional Conference on “Education in West Africa: Constraints and Opportunities” in Dakar, Senegal, November 1-2, 2005 Nissanke, Machiko Institutional Foundations for Shared Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa July 2005 Machiko Nissanke and Alice Sindzingre The paper examines the dynamically evolving triangular relationships between institutions, growth and inequality in the process of economic development, in order to deepen the understanding on institutional conditions for pro-poor growth and shared growth. In this specific context, the paper discusses the institutional conditions found in Sub-Saharan Africa, which may have produced the growth pattern that are unequal and against the poor. The analysis shows that Sub-Saharan African countries require transforming institutions for embarking upon and sustaining a development path which would ensure shared growth in years to come. The paper first evaluates the growth-inequality-poverty nexus, as found in the recent literature, which increasingly challenges the trade-off between growth and equity, as postulated in the traditional theories. Various definitions of pro-poor growth are discussed and a sharper definition of the concept of ‘shared’ growth is provided. Definitions of institutions are then examined, as well as the triangular interrelationships between institutions, inequality and poverty. The paper finally analyses specific institutional conditions found in Sub-Saharan Africa that prevent economies from emerging out of low-equilibrium poverty traps that are characterised by low economic growth, unequal distribution of income and wealth as well as unequal access to resources and power. Presented at the International Conference on "Shared Growth in Africa," July 21-22, 2005, Accra, Ghana Njeru, Enos H. N. Bridging the Qualitative-Quantitative Methods of Poverty Analysis March 2004 Enos H.N. Njeru Poverty is primarily a social problem. As such it requires meticulous definition, identification of constituent parameters and verifiable and measurable indicators. The constituent parameters should essentially single out the major causal factors. Knowledge of the latter, in effect, serves as good basis for identification of perceived solutions and methodologies to guide implementation of the proposed remedial strategies. Presented at the KIPPRA-Cornell-SAGA Workshop on "Qualitative and Quantitative Methods for Poverty Analysis," March 11, 2004, Nairobi, Kenya Nkama, Arsene Honore Gideon An Analysis of the Impact of HIPC Initiative on Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries: Evidence from Cameroon June 2005 Arsene Honore Gideon Nkama After independence in 1960, Cameroon’s real economic growth was optimistic. Growth averaged 6 per cent during the 65-86 with agriculture being the main source of growth. When oil production started by the end of the 70s, Cameroon experienced a boom period. Its external resources balance that was negative in 1977 became positive. Gross domestic investment increased from 21% of GDP in 1977 to more than 30% in 1986. GDP per capita increased at about 4 percent during the 65-86. The boom period led to traditional growth sectors carelessness so their productivity declined. Public enterprises created during this period were highly inefficient. The banking system became very dependent on oil revenue as well as on government deposits…. Presented at the International Conference on "Shared Growth in Africa," July 21-22, 2005, Accra, Ghana Nkamleu, Guy Blaise Earning and Learning in the Rural Area of Sub-Saharan Africa: An Inquiry into the Cocoa Sector November 2005 Nkamleu, Guy Blaise The challenge of a child labor policy is to remove children away from work and toward schooling. To this end, there is a need to better understand the reality of the interplay between work and schooling as well as household’s behavior with respect to child’s time allocation. This paper investigates child labor issue in the cocoa sector in Cote d’Ivoire, with the aim to identify determinant factors that can help to design a multi-angle policy approach towards the elimination of child labor. The present study is based on a survey done in 2002, over a representative sample of more than 11000 cocoa-households’ members. The paper presents model, which portrays the child labor decision as a three-stage sequential process. Study reveals that child labor’s contribution in cocoa farm as well as non-enrollment in school are considerable. More, numerous children are involved in potentially dangerous and/or injurious tasks. Results of econometric analysis using sequential probit model show that child Characteristics, parent characteristic as well as household characteristics are all pertinent in explaining the child work/schooling outcome in the cocoa sector of Cote d’Ivoire. Confirming the need of a multi-angled policy approach towards the elimination of child labor. The important variables highlight in this study should be taken into consideration in efforts to design an array of policy instruments to promote good development of children in the cocoa sector. Paper prepared for the Regional Conference on “Education in West Africa: Constraints and Opportunities” in Dakar, Senegal, November 1-2, 2005 Nkedianye, D. Livelihood Choices and Returns among Agro-Pastoralists in Southern Kenya June 2006 Radeny, M., D. Nkedianye, P. Kristjanson, and M. Herrero This article addresses livelihood choices and income diversification strategies among agro-pastoralists and pastoralists in southern Kenya, and the factors influencing the returns to the diverse livelihood strategies being pursued. We explore how variability in income and wealth levels across households can be explained by household-level versus geographic factors. We find that household livestock asset levels, education level, landholdings, and diversification of household income sources can largely explain how well households are doing. Geographic factors such as distance to the nearest town, permanent water source, and Nairobi National Park, as well as pasture potential also matter in some cases, but relatively little compared to household-level factors. Investments in livestock remain key to how well households are doing and in some cases appear to be driving livelihood diversification strategies that keep them from falling into poverty. While relatively few households are yet receiving wildlife conservation-related income, for those that are, it is a more lucrative option than cropping, from which very few are earning positive returns. This information can contribute to more evidence-based decision making occurring across pastoral areas and inform policy decisions regarding conservation of wildlife and poverty reduction strategies. Presented at the Policy Research Conference on “Pastoralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa,” held in Nairobi, Kenya, June 27-28, 2006. Nkurunziza, Janvier D. Why Has Burundi Grown So Slowly? The Political Economy of Redistribution June 2005 Janvier D. Nkurunziza and Floribert Ngaruko This study analyses Burundi’s economic performance over the period 1960-2000 and finds that it has been catastrophic. The usual economic factors determining growth are endogenous to political objectives, suggesting that politics explains the dismal performance. This finding limits the relevance of textbook models of growth relying on the assumption of a competitive resource allocation environment. When cronies rather than qualified managers are running the economy, when priority is given to investment projects in function of their location rather than the objective needs of the economy, economic models lose their explanatory power. Economic performance has been shaped by the occurrence of violent conflicts caused by factions fighting for the control of the state and its rents. The capture of rents by a small group has become the overarching objective of the governments that have ruled the country since the mid-1960s. In this regard, economic performance will not improve unless the political system is modernised from a dictatorial regime playing a zero-sum game to a more democratic and accountable regime. It would be naïve to advocate economic reforms as a way of boosting the country’s economy if they are not preceded or at least accompanied by political reforms. One central message of this study is that Burundi’s growth failure is the result of specific identifiable factors evolving around governance. There is nothing fundamentally wrong with Burundi: Development failure may be reversed if the problems identified in this study are properly addressed. Presented at the International Conference on "Shared Growth in Africa," July 21-22, 2005, Accra, Ghana Nordman, Christophe La dimension économique de l’efficacité externe de l’éducation en Afrique de l’Ouest November 2005 Duret, Elsa, Mathias Kuepie, Christophe Nordman, and François Roubaud Les analyses ciblant l’efficacité externe1 des systèmes éducatifs s’intéressent à l’influence de l’éducation reçue par les individus après qu’ils sont sortis des écoles et établissements de formation pour mener à bien leur vie d’adulte au sein de la société. Ces effets sont de deux ordres, économiques dans un sens étroit, sociaux dans une conception plus large, et peuvent être lus à travers deux dimensions complémentaires : individuelle d’une part, collective d’autre part. Le croisement de ces deux perspectives offre un tableau synthétique des différentes analyses qui peuvent être conduites dans ce domaine... Paper prepared for the Regional Conference on “Education in West Africa: Constraints and Opportunities” in Dakar, Senegal, November 1-2, 2005 Noumba, Issidor Are wealthier nations healthier nations? A panel data approach to the determination of human development in Africa October 2004 Issidor Noumba Many authors did not expect a bright future for the sub-Saharan African countries at the outset of independence in the 1960s. Today, when we look at the African economic, social, and political indicators, we notice that these authors were right. African countries continue to tail the list of developing countries as far as human development is concerned. Poverty is endemic in the region, HIV/AIDS and traditional infectious diseases constitute a serious threat to African health status. Life expectancy at birth is very low and HIV/AIDS prevalence very high. Assuming that health status indicators are good proxies of human development, this paper intends to answer the following queries: (i) What is the extent of health disparities in Africa? (ii) Are wealthier African nations healthier nations? (iii) What are the main determinants of the health status in Africa. The incipient renewal of concern for poverty and equity in health leads us also to ask ourselves whether income inequality and inequality in health status are significant determinants of health outcomes. A simple descriptive statistics analysis show that health status seems to vary not only across countries, but also according to the level of economic development. The paradox story is that wealthier African nations are not necessarily healthier nations. We use the econometrics of panel data to estimate one version of the traditional production function of the health services. The results of our estimates show that GNP per capita is an important determinant of health outcome. Wealthier nations are not always healthier nations, but wealth (income) matters for health. Income inequality and inequality in health status are also strongly correlated with the health status indicators. At the end of the day, the study show that income and inequalities are important determinants of human development in Africa. Presented at the DPRU-TIPS-Cornell University Forum on "African Development and Poverty Reduction: The Macro-Micro Linkage," October 13-15, 2004, Cape Town, South Africa Nsowah-Nuamah, N. N. N. Healthcare Provision and Self Medication in Ghana October 2004 G. J. M. van den Boom, N. N. N. Nsowah-Nuamah and G. B. Overbosch Self-medication is predominant in Ghana, where one out of four lives outside a 15 km radius of a doctor. The cost of visiting a doctor is almost $10, one third of monthly per capita expense, as compared to $1.5 for self-medication. Simulated utilization patterns indicate that higher densities (doctors within 15 km) and more insurance (flat rate tax covering half of the health expense) could raise demand for doctors by 15-20%. The poor though continue to rely on self-medication. Medicines that are affordable and of certified quality could thus play a key supplementary role in health sector development. In Ernest Aryeetey and Ravi Kanbur (editors), The Economy of Ghana: Analytical Perspectives on Stability, Growth and Poverty, James Currey, 2008. Presented at the ISSER-University of Ghana-Cornell University International Conference on "Ghana at the Half Century," July 18-20, 2004, Accra, Ghana Nyamwaro, S.O. Conflict Minimizing Strategies on Natural Resource Management and Use: The Case for Managing and Coping with Conflicts between Wildlife and Agropastoral Production Resources in Transmara District, Kenya June 2006 Nyamwaro, S.O., G.A. Murilla, M.O.K. Mochabo and K.B. Wanjala It is now well known that a large proportion (up to 90%) of the wildlife population is not contained within the designated areas (the national parks and game reserves) in Kenya. The wildlife thus coexists and interacts with humans and livestock. Research was initiated in Transmara district of Kenya to identify and document factors contributing to competition for and conflicts over management and use of wildlife interactions with agro-pastoral production resources. The research was aimed at finding out: (a) causes leading to competition for and conflicts over multiple land uses, (b) whether the policy on Wildlife Compensation Schemes* is necessary and sufficient, (c) extent of losses incurred and benefits received by local communities due to wildlife interactions, and (d) how the conflicts are managed. Informal and formal socioeconomic surveys were undertaken to collect both secondary and primary information on perceptions of communities about the stated issues. About 97% of the respondents indicated that wildlife is the major cause of conflicts affecting local human communities. Elephants, baboons and leopards were the most destructive and dreadful wild animals. Losses that were incurred by the local communities in the past one year were in the form of human deaths (9%) and injuries (7%), cattle deaths (35%) and injuries (15%), and sheep and goats’ deaths (80%) and injuries (23%). The most affected gender groups were the school-going children (56%) and male adults (21%). Some of the local people (32%) indicated that they used to receive indirect benefits in terms of social amenities that are no longer being received. Most respondents (65%) pointed to a unanimous view that wild animals provided little benefits but destruction to people. Majority of the respondents (72%) appeared to be aware that Wildlife Compensation Schemes were in existence but on the other hand most of them (73%) did not necessarily know why the schemes are there for or how they operated. The most cited solutions to minimize and manage such conflicts were putting up a perimeter fence around Mara National Game Reserve, getting rid of wildlife using every means possible, and increasing and expanding wildlife compensation rates. Respondents also proposed that equitable sharing of earnings from wildlife resources be initiated and implemented in an acceptable and amicable manner. The respondents further suggested that for the new proposals to be actualized they should be incorporated into a reviewed broad-based wildlife policy. This would go a long way in contributing to poverty alleviation for the Maasai pastoralists and agropastolarists. *Compensation Schemes are Acts of Parliament first enacted in 1976 and amended in 1989 stating the rules, regulations and procedures of getting compensated either in monetary terms or in kind by the government when land owners and their livestock are killed or injured and their properties destroyed. Presented at the Policy Research Conference on “Pastoralism and Poverty Reduction in East Africa,” held in Nairobi, Kenya, June 27-28, 2006. Nyankori, James C. O. Access to Primary Education in Rural Uganda May 2004 Nyankori, James C. O. and Marios Obwona In this paper, we present an extensive statistical description of rural primary schools, schooling and students in Uganda and estimate the relationship between academic performance and selected personal, demographic, and school characteristics using a linear probability model subsequently extended to predict academic performance. The survey data indicate considerable categorical differences in personal, household and school characteristics, and these have important implications for schooling behaviors and outcomes. Linear probability model predictions of academic performance reveal significant categorical differences in age, sex, nutritional status, after school activities, post primary education preference, school attendance, household production activities, occupation of head of household, and relation to head of household relative to academic performance. Final Report for SAGA Competitive Research Grants Program Nyanteng, V. K. Policy Dynamics, Trends in Domestic Fish Production & Implications for Food Security in Ghana July 2004 A. Wayo Seini, V. K. Nyanteng and A. Asantewah Ahene The fishing industry in Ghana started as an artisanal fishery with very simple and low efficient gears and methods operating in very near coastal waters, lagoons, estuaries and rivers. Through government and private efforts to promote production, the fishing industry continued to improve over the years with the development of new gears and methods that had been more efficient than the previous ones. Through government schemes, the use of outboard motors on canoes, introduced in 1959, was very successful and went a long way to create a modern sub-sector of the canoe fisheries. These schemes, particularly the charter party scheme (a hire purchase scheme), also encouraged fishermen to purchase larger fishing boats and gear which they paid for over a period of four years at very low interest rates (Lawson and Kwei, 1974). This paper examines major policy regimes since Ghana’s independence and relates them to trends in domestic fish production. Domestic production is then linked to the implications for food security. There is no doubt that fish is an important commodity in the country’s food security, particularly when the latter is defined beyond availability and accessibility to encompass the nutritional content of a meal that is required to provide a balanced diet and to ensure a minimum daily intake of 2,300 calories. Where food consumption is not balanced from the standpoint of nutrition, some diseases and improper physical developments emerge, such as stunting, underweight and wasting in children, particularly, under-5 years of age. Fish is consumed by many households and among all income groups everywhere in Ghana, largely to supply protein requirements in the diet. Presented at the ISSER-University of Ghana-Cornell University International Conference on "Ghana at the Half Century," July 18-20, 2004, Accra, Ghana Return to MAIN AUTHORS PAGE

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